Read our articles about battery technology, safety, and recycling.
Contents
- About batteries
- Battery recycling
- Battery safety
- Battery recalls
- Button cells
- Lithium batteries
- Electric vehicle batteries
About batteries
For our battery recycling service see the Battery recycling page.
Batteries are a common item in the high tech world in which we live. Batteries themselves can be the older, low tech dry cells or alkaline cells to the more modern lithium based ones which include protection circuits and a computer chip that monitors the usage.
Note that the terms “battery” and “cell” are often used interchangeably but technically a battery consists of a number of cells.
All batteries are able to be recycled. The recovered material may be as high as 97% of the original weight and the value of the recovered material varies from less than $100 per tonne to over $20,000 per tonne.
There are a number of environmental and human health and safety issues with batteries. They contain material that is ecotoxic, they can be swallowed by children (mainly the button cells), and they can cause fires or burns.
Batteries are sometimes subject to recalls because of possible safety issues, especially the lithium based batteries.
UN codes for common batteries
| UN 2794 | 8 | Batteries, wet, filled with acid, electric storage | Lead-acid |
|---|---|---|---|
| UN 2795 | 8 | Batteries, wet, filled with alkali, electric storage | NiCd |
| UN 2800 | 8 | Batteries, wet, non-spillable, electric storage | Lead-acid |
| UN 3028 | 8 | Batteries, dry, containing potassium hydroxide solid, electric, storage | Alkaline |
| UN 3090 | 9 | Lithium metal batteries | Lithium metal |
| UN 3091 | 9 | Lithium metal batteries contained in equipment or Lithium metal batteries packed with equipment | Lithium metal |
| UN 3480 | 9 | Lithium ion batteries (including lithium ion polymer batteries) | Li-ion |
| UN 3481 | 9 | Lithium ion batteries contained in equipment or Lithium ion batteries packed with equipment (including lithium ion polymer batteries) | Li-ion |
| UN 3496 | 9 | Batteries, nickel-metal hydride | NiMH |
- Class 8 are Corrosive substances
- Class 9 are Miscellaneous
Further information
AA battery comparison at Consumer NZ.
Batteries at Wikipedia
Battery University, an education resource
How battery recycling could provide a cleaner source of critical minerals, NZ Herald
Millions of Batteries Every Day! How Are They Turned into Treasures?, YouTube
Battery recycling
To find out how to recycle your batteries see our battery recycling page.
All batteries are able to be recycled and there are sound environmental, health and safety, human rights, and economic reasons to so.
Some batteries contain heavy metals which makes recycling an important method of preventing harmful substances from entering the environment. Also, most of the materials in batteries is recoverable and therefore recycling them reduces the need to mine fresh ore. Recycling is generally more energy efficient than the production of new material so there will be a small reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
The three main heavy metal in batters are mercury, cadmium and lead. In recent decades mercury has been phased out as a constituent of some batteries. Cadmium is used with nickel as the NiCd batteries. It is now less common with the advent of the better performing lithium batteries but can still be found in new products, especially emergency lighting units. Lead is used in lead acid batteries for vehicles and in gel cells (also known as VRLA, SLA, or AGM batteries).
Some of the minerals used in batteries are mined by workers, including children, with disregard to human rights. Recycling batteries means that there will be less reliance on minerals mined under such conditions.
Note that the terms battery and cell are often used interchangeably although technically a battery consists of two or more cells.
New Zealand and overseas
At present there is no mandatory requirement for consumers to recycle batteries in New Zealand. Some councils, notably Auckland Council and the Christchurch City Council, suggest disposal to landfill. Car batteries are commonly recycled since a small fee is often paid out, but very little recycling happens for other types of batteries.
Battery recycling policies and systems are well established in some other countries. The European Union has a Battery Directive which the member states must abide by to avoid legal action by the European Commission. North America has the Call2Recycle public service programme for battery recycling (as well as mobile phones). The Australian Battery Recycling Initiative was set up in 2008 and are involved in establishing a national stewardship program for handheld batteries.
In July 2020 batteries became a priority product under the Waste Minimisation Act. This means that they will have a requirement to be recycled.
Batteries are generally very safe but there are some precautions that should be taken when storing for recycling. Batteries, especially coin or button cells, should be kept out of reach of children since can be swallowed, leading to possibly serious health issues.
Lithium based batteries have strict controls on how they can be shipped for safety reasons since they can cause fires. They should not be disposed of along with general waste since they can become physically damaged and cause fires in skips. waste collection vehicles, and at waste collection depots.
Further information
Battery recycling at Wikipedia
IATA (2015) Lithium Battery Guidance (international shipping regulations from the International Air Transport Association)
Pistoia, G., J.-P. Wiaux, and S. P. Wolsky, eds. (2001) Used Battery Collection and Recycling. 1st ed. Industrial Chemistry Library, v. 10. New York: Elsevier Science.
Battery safety
There are three main areas of concern when dealing with batteries:
- Environmental protection
- Risk of fire
- Risk to children
There is also a risk of acid burns from lead acid batteries if they are incorrectly handled.
Environmental protection
Some batteries contain lead, mercury, and cadmium. These are heavy metals that are ecotoxic and if released into the environment can pass through ecosystems and food chains. The effect of mercury on the natural environment is well known.
Risk of fire
With the advent of lithium batteries, which are able to source high currents, fires have been reported due to overheating during charging, and also as a result of physical damage. In the domestic market it has affected mobile phones, laptops, and hover boards. This has also affected commercial products such as bus passenger ticket readers and camera equipment.
There have been a number of recalls of batteries both in New Zealand and overseas.
Risk to children
The main risk to humans is the risk of children swallowing the smaller button cells. This risk can be eliminated by keeping new and used cells out of reach of children at all times.
Further information
One Major Way Smartphone Batteries Can Catch Fire—and How to Prevent It – iFixit
The Battery Controlled – information on children and button cell safety
Safety Alert – Lithium Polymer (LiPo) Battery Fires – New Zealand Fire Service
Articles
Firefighters battle Tauranga electric truck fire, NZ Herald
High number of facility fires in 2022 prompts renewed look at battery recycling efforts, Wastedive
Qld baby in coma after swallowing battery that burnt hole in throat, 1News
Batteries put in household recycling or rubbish key cause of truck fires, Our Auckland
Kiwis told to take extra care after increase in house fires caused by charging batteries, Stuff
Oamaru waste pile fire possibly started by battery, Stuff
Industry report: a partnership to beat battery fires?, Recycling International
Flyers warned not to put loose batteries in checked-in bags from January 1, Stuff
Christchurch’s burning issue: Battery-sparked fires in waste, Newsline
Australian house fire sparks call for stricter rules for lithium-ion batteries, Stuff
Battery recalls
Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries are occasionally subject to recalls due to possible fire risk. This is a list of some of the battery recalls known to affect the New Zealand market.
| June 2018 | Euromatic Eco wall panel heater models EPH-001 EPH-001D EPH-002 | Ceramic casing may crack. | Return it to Bunnings. | MBIE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| July 2017 | Extech Digital Clamp Meters | The meters can fail to give an accurate voltage reading, resulting in the operator falsely believing the electrical power is low or off, posing an electrocution hazard. | Stop using the affected digital clamp meters and contact Extech for a free replacement meter. | MBIE |
| July 2017 | Freedom Furniture – Zox table lamp | If the wooden shade becomes overheated, this could cause a fire hazard. | Stop using the lamp and return to the nearest Freedom store for a full refund or exchange for a similar product. | MBIE |
| July 2017 | Celsius & Number8 – 2000W horizontal fan heaters | Risk of fire and electric shock | Stop using your heater immediately. Contact Celsius for further information on how to receive a refund or replacement heater | MBIE |
| July 2017 | Wismec Exo Skeleton for ES300 personal vaporizers | Risk of fire | Stop using the Wismec Exo Skeleton for the ES300 and remove the atomisers and all batteries. Return the device to the store you purchased it from for a full refund or replacement | MBIE |
| June 2017 | Sunbeam Sous Chef Multi Cooker | When used in “slow cooker mode” the multi-cooker may not reach and maintain a temperature during the cook time to fully cook the meat.” | Recall completed. | MBIE |
| June 2017 | Happy Mobile – Counterfeit Samsung Battery | Risk of overheat and fire | Stop using the affected batteries and return to Happy Mobile for refund | MBIE |
| June 2017 | Off-Board Chargers for Segway Personal Transporters | A wire inside the charger can detach and touch the side of the charger causing a possible shock hazard. | Recall completed. | MBIE |
| June 2017 | Adapter sold with GarageAce Wi-Fi door opener | Incorrect/Non-compliant 230v plug adaptor for USB fitting supplied with unit. | Recall completed. | MBIE |
| June 2017 | Beko DCU8330GX dryer | The capacitor may fail and overheat, potentially leading to risk of fire. | Beko are contacting customers directly. | MBIE |
| June 2017 | The Warehouse – Living & Co Voss Desk Lamp | The lampshade can melt if an incorrect bulb (>40W) is used. | Return to your nearest Warehouse branch. | MBIE |
| May 2017 | SIMX Smart Sense Mini 360⁰ Flush Mount PIR Sensor | Risk of electric shock | Replace with PIR sensor LHT0142 or LHT0179. | MBIE |
| May 2017 | Panasonic Tablet FZ-G1 (Mk1 to Mk3) and battery pack | May overheat. | Refer to the manufacturers instructions here. | This is not an actual recall. |
| May 2017 | Moretti, Click, and Akai oil column heaters | Risk of burns from hot oil. | Return to Bunnings. | MBIE |
| Mar 2017 | Swann wireless door chime | Risk of shock | If within the range of serial numbers remove it from mains power and return it to obtain a replacement unit. | MBIE |
| Feb 2017 | HP and Compaq notebook batteries. This is an expansion of a previous recall. | Risk of overheating. | Check to see if you are affected and if so discontinue using the battery. | HP battery recall programme |
| Feb 2017 | Aero Quik Kettle – Black | Risk of fire | Return the kettle to Harvey Norman for a refund or replacement. | MBIE |
| Feb 2017 | Cuisinart DLC-2011BCNA, DLC-2011NA, DLC-2014BCNA, DLC-2014NA, DFP-14BCNA, MP-14NA food processors. Only models with blade rivets are affected. | Blade may break | Contact Cuisinart for a free replacement blade. | MBIE |
| Jan 2017 | Some Zebra power supplies that were manufactured by FSP Group between October 1, 2010 and December 31, 2011 | Risk of fire | Follow instructions issued by Zebra | |
| Dec 2016 | OMP Power Bank 5000mAh | May overheat and explode or catch fire. | Return to Farmers | MBIE |
| Dec 2016 | The Warehouse – Living and Co. Stainless Steel and Red Kettles 1.7L with the PO Number 18920118 | Risk of shock | Stop using it immediately or do not unpack it. Return it to The Warehouse for a full refund. | MBIE |
| Nov 2016 | Toshiba laptop batteries | Risk of burns or fire | Visit the Toshiba website to determine if your battery is affected. This is an extension of an earlier recall. | MBIE |
| Nov 2016 | Instant Hot Water Kettle ISKTL | Risk of fire | MBIE | |
| Nov 2016 | Kambrook Microwave 30L (KMO400) | Risk of fire | Check to see if it is within the date code range 833-1321. If so stop using it and arrange for a replacement or refund. | MBIE |
| Nov 2016 | CarbaTec RT-660 router table | Phase and neutral may be transposed making it non-compliant. | Send plug and switch unit to the CarbaTec | MBIE |
| Nov 2016 | Radio Systems Detachable AC Plug Adaptor Insert sold with PetSafe® and SportDOG® Brand Products | Risk of shock if broken | MBIE | |
| Oct 2016 | EziBuy Poppy Desk Lamp | Risk of fire | MBIE | |
| Oct 2016 | Countdown — Halloween LED Spinning Wand | Batteries may fall out presenting a danger to children | Return your wand to any Countdown supermarket for a full refund. | MBIE |
| Oct 2016 | Swiss Mobility Universal Travel Adapter | Non-compliant and risk of shock | Return to JB HiFi | MBIE |
| Oct 2016 | ECCO Rechargeable LED Work/Utility Lamps (model numbers EW2461 and EW2461-AU) | The product may overheat and present a risk of fire | MBIE | |
| Oct 2016 | Bosch freestanding gas/electric cooker models HGV74W255A and HGV74W355A. Batch number 8901 and 9110 | Gas leakage | gascookingsafety.com or MBIE | |
| Sept 2016 | Samsung top loading washing machine | Excessive vibration leading to damage | Samsung | |
| Sept 2016 | Makita 5057KB 185mm Dustless Circular Saw | Blade may become stuck | Return to supplier to have it rectified | MBIE |
| Sept 2016 | Powerbank 2600mA (no brand name) | Battery pack | When dropped the battery may fall out. There are no markings on the battery so it is possible that it can be re-installed incorrectly. | MBIE |
| Sep 2016 | Samsung Galaxy Note7 phone | Battery issues including possible explosion | Samsung | |
| Aug 2016 | Medela breast pump | Risk of shock | Medsafe at the Ministry of Health | |
| Aug 2016 | Green Smoke JD-050-050 power adaptor | Risk of shock | Visit the Green Smoke adaptor recall website | MBIE |
| July 2016 | Denon HEOS 1 Go Pack Rechargeable Battery | Speakers | Phone B&W Loudspeakers Ltd on 0800-255-800 | MBIE |
| July 2016 | Ashton GPA10 Guitar amplifier | Risk of shock | Return for repair | MBIE |
| July 2016 | Hoverboards – various models | Risk of fire | Contact your supplier | No formal recall notice is in place at present in New Zealand. See the US CSPC for more information or contact your supplier. |
| June 2016 | HP batteries for various notebooks | Burn and fire hazard | Contact HP | MBIE |
| June 2016 | Arlec WLED15 rechargeable handheld worklights | Risk of fire | Return it to Bunnings | MBIE |
| June 2016 | Goldair GBH400 bathroom heaters (batch G328 only) | Risk of fire | Stop using it and contact Goldair | MBIE |
| April 2016 | Homemaker 20cm chrome round green fan (FZ-20M01) | Risk of shock | Contact Kmart Customer Service on 0800 945 995 | |
| March 2016 | Ariston and Indesit tumble dryers | Risk of fire | Call 0800 274 748 or visit indesithotpointsafety.com | |
| 2016 | Apple AC Wall Plug Adapter | Risk of shock | Contact Apple | |
| 4 November 2015 | Nutriblend and NutriInfusion blenders | Risk of fire | Fire Service | |
| 4 November 2015 | Homemaker Nutritional Drink Blender | Risk of fire | Fire Service | |
| 3 November 2015 | Ultrasonic Pest Repeller | Risk of fire | Fire Service | |
| November 2015 | Haier top loading washing machines HWMP55-918 and HWMP65-918 | Risk of fire | See the Haier recall notice | Consumer Affairs |
| October 2015 | Breville Fast Slow Cookers model BPR200 | Risk of scalding | Contact Breville | Consumer Affairs |
| September 2015 | CordTech SCC0510-4 5Mtr Cable Reel, HSC1510-4 15Mtr Cable Reel, HBC2010-4 20Mtr Cable Reel | Risk of electric shock | Return to the retailer | Consumer Affairs |
| August 2015 | Artistic Living Ultrasonic Pest Repeller | Risk of electric shock and fire | Consumer Affairs | |
| August 2015 | PowerGuard Tablet Protector | Risk of electric shock | Consumer Affairs | |
| 11 July 2015 | Ozito Electric Blower model OZBL1800WA | Risk of electric shock and injury from sharp objects | Ozito NZ | |
| 2 July 2015 | Insinkerator models 55+ and 65+ | Potential fire hazard | See www.insinkeratorsafetynotice.com | Fire Service |
| 30 June 2015 | Kmart Homemaker Gerry upright floor lamp | Risk of electric shock or fire | Contact Kmart Customer Service on 0800 945 995 | Consumer NZ |
| 25 June 2015 | Ultimate 2-in-1 pest repeller | Risk of electric shock | Contact Newfield Group on 0800 600 789 or sales@newfield.co.nz | Consumer NZ |
| 8 June 2015 | Apple Beats Pill XL portable wireless speakers | Unit may overheat | Contact Apple to have it recalled | Fire Service |
| 2 June 2015 | Apple iPhone and iPad chargers (refurbished) | Potential fire risk | Return to ED Games | Consumer AffairsSamsung |
| June 2015 | Kenwood X PRO Blender BLM80 | Mechanical failure | Consumer Affairs | |
| 14 May 2015 | ThinkPad Lithium-ion batteries | May overheat and cause burns or fire | Visit Lenovo to determine if you are affected and to arrange for a free replacement battery. | Consumer NZ |
| 14 Apr 2015 | Shark Ultra-light vacuum cleaner | May cause burns or electric shock | Visit Shark for guidance on identifying the affected models and for instructions on how to return for repair. The Shark customer service team is also available on 0800 109 009 | Consumer NZ |
| 2 April 2015 | Heller 2000W fan heaters | Call 09 978 2200 or go to Bunnings | Consumer NZ | |
| 16 March 2015 | Shark Navigator vacuum cleaners | Risk of burns or electric shock | Visit Shark for guidance on identifying the affected models and for instructions on how to return for repair. A dedicated Shark customer service team is available for any consumer queries on 0800 109 009. | Consumer NZ |
| 13 March 2015 | Kathmandu rechargable torch | Risk of overheating | Stop using the torch and return to your nearest Kathmandu store or call 0800 001 234 for a refund. | Consumer NZ |
| 2015 | Samsung washing machine models SW75V9WIP, SW65V9WIP, SW80SPWIP, SW70SPWIP | Potential fire risk | Contact Samsung New Zealand | Samsung and MBIE |
| 18 December 2014 | Lenovo AC power cord model LS-15 | May overheat | Fire Service | |
| 2 December 2014 | Toshiba laptop/notebook AC power cords model LS-15 | May overheat | Fire Service | |
| 2 December 2014 | Panasonic battery CF-H2 | May overheat | Contact Panasonic NZ on 0800 726 222 | Fire Service |
| 2 December 2014 | MSPA Alpine inflatable Bubble spa | Risk of electric shock | Contact The Warehouse or on 0800 422 274 | Fire Service |
| 2 December 2014 | Performer UCA 406C, UCA 407C and UCA 410C powerboards | Risk of fire | Contact Kmart Customer Service on 0800 945 995 or visit www.kmart.co.nz | Fire Service |
| 20 November 2014 | Universal adapter code MAUC | Risk of electric shock or fire | Contact Pacific Optics Limited | Consumer NZ |
| 7 November 2014 | Chevron 4 and 6 outlet power boards | Risk of fire | Return them to your nearest Countdown, SuperValue or FreshChoice supermarket to receive a full refund. | Consumer NZ |
| 2 September 2014 | Hewlett-Packard and Compaq notebook computer AC power cords | Risk of fire | Go to the HP Notebook PC AC Power Cord Replacement Programme website at: www.hp.com/support/PowerCordReplacement | Fire Service |
| 2 September 2014 | Best Buy four outlet powerboard | Risk of fire | Return it to your nearest Supercheap Auto store for a full refund. | Fire Service |
| 2 September 2014 | Nouveau 16L electronic dehumidifier | Risk of fire due to overheating capacitor | Fire Service | |
| 2 September 2014 | Moda electric hot pack | Risk of electric shock or fire | Return it to The Warehouse store for a full refund, with or without a receipt. | Fire Service |
| 26 August 2014 | Redken branded PowerBank phone chargers | Risk of overheating | Return the charger to your nearest Rodney Wayne salon or Rodney Wayne Shampoo n’ Things store to receive a complimentary replacement gift. | Consumer NZ |
| 29 July 2014 | Goldair model 3108 and 3109 bathroom fan heaters | Risk of fire | Consumers should immediately stop using the heater. Turn the heater off and contact Goldair on 0800 232 633 or a registered electrician. | Fire Service |
| 17 June 2014 | Medela B-Well steam sterilisers | Risk of burns, fire or electric shock | Contact medela.com or phone 0800 503 553 | Consumer NZ |
| 16 June 2014 | Weiss heat transfer system | Risk of fire | Turn the system off and contact Weiss New Zealand on 0800 208 008 or a registered electrician | Fire Service |
| May 2014 | Sony VAIO Fit 11A model numbers SVF11N18CGP and SVF11N18CGS | Risk of burns from the battery pack | Contact Sony New Zealand on 0800 766 969 | Consumer NZ |
| May 2014 | ThinkPad batteries | Risk of fire | Contact Lenovo or call 0508 201 650 | ACCC |
| April 2014 | Kawashima Pro2000i inverter generator | Risk of shock | Call Euroquip NZ on 0800 387 678 | Consumer NZ |
| March 2014 | Dyson AM04 and AM05 heaters |
Button cells
Button cells, also known as coin cells, are found in all sorts of equipment from watches to vacuum cleaners to computers and torches. They have a wide range of sizes, voltages, and chemical composition. They are based on either lithium, zinc, or silver chemistry.
From a human health perspective button cells are safe except with respect to children. There are a number of cases of children ingesting batteries and consequently becoming ill. This would generally be for the higher energy lithium batteries when that are in a charged state. Discharged zinc air batteries would pose a lower health threat.
Recycling
Button cells are able to be recycled to recover the materials. To minimise environmental impact of the overall process it is best to stockpile them for as long as possible before having them recycled. Button cells are relatively environmentally benign if disposed of into a sanitary landfills but recycling them has a small environmental benefit.
Further information
Button cells at Wikipedia
The dangers with button batteries at Consumer NZ
The Battery Controlled – information on children and button cell safety (dead link)
Button batteries page at MBIE Product Safety
Lithium batteries
We have a battery recycling service.
Lithium batteries have become established as a common form of energy storage for portable devices. They are used in a wide range of domestic, commercial, and industrial products, including mobile phones, laptops, tablets, cameras, cordless power tools, defibrillators, etc. They come various shapes, sizes, voltages, and charge capacities. Some of the button cells found in watches, and the battery packs in electric vehicles both use lithium based chemistry.
Lithium batteries can cause fires due to mishandling, misuse, or poor quality manufacturing. Increasingly, fires are starting at waste transfer stations and recycling facilities from damaged lithium batteries setting the surround waste alight. If the batteries or the product containing the battery proves to cause fires they are subject to recalls. Fire and Emergency New Zealand reported that there were 35 fires in the first eight months of 2022.
Because of their inherent danger they have stringent shipping controls placed on them, especially for for air transport.
Lithium batteries have differing chemical processes and are sold under names such as Li-ion, LiPo, lithium metal etc. The most common type used in consumer electronics is the Li-ion type and can be found in mobile phones, cameras, laptop computers, and may other portable electronic devices. LiPo batteries are common in remote controlled models. Lithium metal batteries have a number of specialist applications.
Lithium batteries are able to be recycled to recover the materials from which they are made. As well as lithium the Li-ion batteries contain cobalt, a valuable material that has various humanitarian issues associated with the mining of it, notably in Africa.
Further information
Xiangdong Kong, et-al, Foreign matter defect battery and sudden spontaneous combustion, eTransportation, Volume 12, 2022, 100170, ISSN 2590-1168
Lithium batteries at Wikipedia
After market battery warning from Makita
Amnesty International, This is what we die for, 2016, AFR 62/3183/2016
Articles
Fires linked to lithium batteries have doubled. Why the delay in dealing with them?, RNZ
German consortium targets ‘holistic’ battery metals solution, Recycling International
Unplugged lithium-ion battery spontaneously combusts, destroying Auckland home, Stuff
New Zealand company working to combat environmental impact of Lithium mining for EV batteries, Stuff
‘Holy grail’ battery breakthrough sees scientists solve 40-year problem, Independent
Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Finally Takes Off in North America and Europe, IEEE Spectrum
Gas canisters and batteries cause fires at transfer stations, RNZ
The spiralling environmental cost of our lithium battery addiction, Wired
Contaminated recycling a fire risk, Newsline
Electric vehicle batteries
Fully electric vehicles are gaining popularity in some countries and there is a corresponding increase in usage here in New Zealand.
Electric vehicle batteries (EV batteries) should be recycled at the end of their useful life on both environmental and humanitarian grounds.
Further information
- Electric vehicle batteries at Wikipedia
- Cleaner Cars from Cradle to Grave: How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline Cars on Lifetime Global Warming Emissions
- Lima, M.C.C. et al Economic Aspects for Recycling of Used Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles. Energies 2022, 15, 2203.
- Electric vehicle batteries: what you need to know – Energy Saving Trust, UK
- Richard Heaps, Power Trip, Industry insights and data use pilot for Product Stewardship for large batteries in New Zealand, 29 November 2022
Articles
Toyota plans ‘circular ecosystem’ for recycling EV batteries | Stuff
Contaminated recycliCar 101: What happens to EV batteries after they die? | Stuff
Why The EV Industry Has A Massive Supply Problem | CNBC
Mining the deep sea: will the world’s oceans help power your electric car? | Recycling International
Ford invests in electric vehicle battery recycling company | Stuff
While they were asleep, their EVs burned in the garage | Stuff
Electric cars: What will happen to all the dead batteries? | BBC
The Problem with Switching to EVs | Newsroom
New solution for lithium recovery from electric cars | Recycling International